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The syntax is tortured, the grammar mutilated, but the message - sent by snail mail, telex, fax, or e-mail - is coherent: an African bigwig or his heirs wish to transfer funds amassed in years of graft and venality to a safe bank account in the West. But only one in ten successful crimes is reported, says the FBI's report.

The IFCC provides this advisory to potential targets:

Be skeptical of individuals representing themselves as Nigerian or other foreign government officials asking for your help in placing large sums of money in overseas bank accounts.

Do not believe the promise of large sums of money for your cooperation.

Do not give out any personal information regarding your savings, checking, credit, or other financial accounts.

If you are solicited, do not respond and quickly notify the appropriate authorities.

The "419 Coalition" is more succinct and a lot more pessimistic:

"NEVER pay anything up front for ANY reason.

NEVER extend credit for ANY reason.

NEVER do ANYTHING until their check clears.

NEVER expect ANY help from the Nigerian Government.

NEVER rely on YOUR Government to bail you out."

The State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs published a brochure titled "Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud". Fraudulent schemes such as AFF succeeded in Nigeria, because Nigerian

The syntax is tortured, the grammar mutilated, but the message - sent by snail mail, telex, fax, or e-mail - is coherent: an African establishment or his heirs wish to transfer funds backlogged in years of graft and venality to a safe bank aggregate in the West. They seek the recipient's permission to make use of his or her inconspicuous services for a percentage of the loot - usually many millions of dollars. A fee is required to expedite the proceedings, or to pay taxes, or to carrot officials - they plausibly explain.

It is a scam two decades old - and it still works. Only last month, a purser for a Berkley, Michigan law firm embezzled $2.1 million and wired it to various bank body count in South Africa and Taiwan. Other victims were kidnapped for ransom as they traveled in a fix to conglomerate their "share". Some never made it back. Every year, there are 5 such murders as well as 8-10 snatchings of American citizens alone. The usual ransom demanded is half a million to a million dollars.

The scam is so widespread that the Nigerians saw fit to explicitly ban it in regard 419 of their penal code. The Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo castigated the fraudsters for inflicting "incalculable damage to Nigerian businesses" and for "placing the entire country under suspicion".

"Wired" quotes statistics presented at the International Conference on roll on Fee (419) Frauds in New York on Sept. 17:

"Roughly 1 percent of the millions of people who receive 419 e-mails and faxes are successfully scammed. trade magazine losses to the scam in the United States total more than $100 million, and law enforcement officials allow global losses may total over $1.5 billion."

According to the "IFCC 2001 Internet Fraud Report", published by the FBI and the National White zone Crime Center, Nigerian letter fraud cases small amount to 15.5 percent of all grievances. The Internet Fraud Complaint Center refers such rip-offs to the US Secret Service. While the median loss in all manner of Internet fraud was $435 - in the Nigerian scam it was a staggering $5575. But only one in ten successful crimes is reported, says the FBI's report.

The IFCC provides this communicative to potential targets:

Be skeptical of individuals representing themselves as Nigerian or other foreign government officials way for your help in placing large sums of money in overseas bank accounts.

Do not consider the promise of large sums of money for your cooperation.

Do not give out any personal information regarding your savings, checking, credit, or other financial accounts.

If you are solicited, do not respond and quickly notify the employable authorities.

The "419 Coalition" is more succinct and a lot more pessimistic:

"NEVER pay aught up front for ANY reason.

NEVER extend credit for ANY reason.

NEVER do somewhat until their hold up clears.

NEVER expect ANY help from the Nigerian Government.

NEVER rely on YOUR Government to bail you out."

The State Department's desk of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement published a pamphlet titled "Nigerian make a success Fee Fraud". It describes the history of this particular type of swindle:

"AFF criminals include university-educated professionals who are the best in the world for nonviolent spectacular crimes. AFF letters first surfaced in the mid-1980s not far the time of the shut down of world oil prices, which is Nigeria's main foreign exchange earner. Some Nigerians turned to crime in order to survive. Fraudulent schemes such as AFF succeeded in Nigeria, seeing as how Nigerian criminals took advantageously of the fact that Nigerians speak English, the international language of business, and the country's vast oil wealth and natural gas reserves - ranked 13th in the world - offer lucrative representation opportunities that involve in many foreign companies and individuals."

According to London's Metropolitan Police corporation Fraud Department, potential targets in the UK and the USA unparalleled receive c. 1500 solicitations a week. The US Secret Service Financial Crime Division takes in 100 calls a day from Americans parity by the con-men. It now acknowledges that "Nigerian organized crime rings running fraud schemes through the mail and phone lines are now so large, they represent a serious financial threat to the country".

Sometimes even the stamps affixed to such letters are forged. Nigerian postal workers are known to be in conjunction with the fraudsters. Names and solicitation are obtained from "trade journals, representation directories, magazine and newspaper advertisements, booking office of commerce, and the Internet".

Victims are either too intimidated to complain or else reluctant to relax the condition their intrigue in money laundering and fraud. Others try in vain to recoup their losses by ploughing more money into the scheme.

Contrary to popular image, the scammers are often violent and involved in other criminal pursuits, such as drug trafficking, tuned to Nigeria's Drug Law Enforcement Agency. The persecute has spread to other countries. Letters from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Congo, Liberia, Togo, Ivory Coast, Benin, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Taiwan, or even Canada, the United Kingdom, Oman, and Vietnam are not uncommon.

The dodges fall into a few categories.

Over-invoiced contract scams involve the ostensible transfer of amounts obtained through inflated invoices to the bank par value of an unrelated foreign firm. Contract fraud or "trade default" is simply a tinsel order accompanied by a fraudulent bank draft for the products of an export first string accompanied by demand for "samples" and various transaction "fees and charges".

Some of the rackets are plain outlandish. In the "wash-wash" confidence trick people have been known to pay up to $200,000 for a special solution to remove stains from millions in defaced dollar notes. Others "bought" heavily "discounted" crude oil stored in "secret" locations - or real estate in rezoned locales. "Clearing houses" or "venture ripping organizations" theft to act on use of the all-absorbing Bank of Nigeria launder the proceeds of the scams.

In added twist, charities, impractical institutions, nonprofit organizations, and religious groups are asked to pay the inheritances tax on a "donation". Some "dignitaries" and their relatives may seek to flee the country and ask the victims to go on the interest money in return for a generous cut of the wealth they have stashed abroad.

"Bankers" may find inactive memoir with millions of dollars - often in lottery winnings - waiting to be transferred to a safe off-shore haven. assumed jobs with inflated wages are added ostensible way to defraud state-owned companies - as is the sale of the target's used vehicle to them for an extravagant price. There seems to be no end to criminal ingenuity.

Lately, the correspondence purports to be avatar from - often white - disinterested professional third parties. Accountants, lawyers, directors, trustees, security personnel, or bankers pretend to be speciousness as fiduciaries for the real dignitary in need of help. Less gullible victims are subjected to plain old extortion with verbal intimidation and stalking.

The more heightened public response grows with over-exposure and the tighter the net of international cooperation contra the scam, the wilder the stories it spawns. Letters have surfaced recently signed by dying refugees, survivors of the September 11 attacks, and serendipitous US commandos on mission in Afghanistan.

Governments throughout the world have geared up to protect their businessmen. The US Department of Commerce, for instance, publishes the "World Traders data Report", compiled by US embassy in Nigeria. It "provides the following types of information: types of organizations, year established, principal owners, size, product line, and financial and trade references".

Unilateral US activity, inefficacious pooling with the Nigerian government some of whose officials are rumored to be in on the deals, multilateral efforts in the framework of the OECD and the Interpol, education and information campaigns - nothing seems to be working.

The treatment of 419 fraudsters in Nigeria is so lenient that, consonant to the "Nigeria Tribune", the United States threatened the country with sanctions if it does not considerably improve its record on financial crime by November 2002. Both the US Treasury's Financial Crime Enforcement Network (FINCEN) and the OECD's Financial mechanism Task Force (FATF) had characterized the country as "one of the worst perpetrators of financial crimes in the world". The Nigerian nuclear bank promises to get to grips with this debilitating problem.

Nigerian themselves - though often victims of the scams - take the phenomenon in stride. The Nigerian "Daily Champion", proffered this insightful argument on advantage of the ruthless and merciless 419 gangs. It is worth quoting at length:

"To eradicate the 419 scourge, leaders at all levels should work energetically to create employment opportunities and people perception of the leaders as role models. The country's very high unemployment figure has made nonsense of the so-called democracy dividends. Great majority of Nigerian youthful school leaver's including University graduates, are without visible means of livelihood... The fact remains that most of these teeming youths cannot just watch our so-called leaders siphon their God-given wealthy. So, they resorted to vicar fraudulent means of livelihood named 419, at least to be seen as have arrived... Some of these 419ers are in the National upper chamber and the State Houses of eisteddfod while some surround the President and governors versus the country."

Some swindlers seek to glorify their criminal matter with a political and historical context. The Web site of the "419 Coalition" contains letters the scam as a form of forced reparation for slavery, akin to the compensation paid by Germany to survivors of the holocaust. The confidence tricksters swagger of defrauding the "white civilization" and unmasking the falsity of its claims for superiority. But a few delusional individuals aside, this is nothing but a smokescreen.

Greed outweighs fear and craving enmeshes people in pronouncedly criminal enterprises. The "victims" of mellow fee scams are rarely incognizant of their supposed role. They knowingly and intentionally merge with self-professed criminals to fleece governments and institutions. This is one of the rare crimes where prey and perpetrator may well deserve each other.

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